MAYABANG, TORPE, PAKIPOT, at TANGA
by Gilzeroone
ang Mayabang mhal k n ayaw png aminin
……..
ang Torpe mhal kna ayw png sbhn
…….
ang pakipot mhal k na ayw png sgutin
…….
pero ang TANGA….. [Read more →]
April 26, 2010 Your say!
rate this joke
TIG-ISA
by dark_dizzy
WIFE: bwisit! Bakla ka pala! Jan kana nga!
HUSBAND: luv, san ka pupunta?
WIFE: Maghahanap ng lalaki!
HUSBAND: Dalawahin muh ah! TIG-ISA TAU!
April 26, 2010 Your say!
rate this joke
pedro :))
by aNgeLoL
Pedro: niloko ko ung
tindera kanina.
:)
:)
:)
:)
:)
Juan: paano
mo naman niloko [Read more →]
April 26, 2010 Your say!
rate this joke
Maala ala mo kaya
by ampo0ta26
Dear Ate Charo,
Nais kong ikwento sa inyo ang namagitan sa amin ng aking itay isang gabi. Hindi ko kayang makalimutan kahit anong bahagi ng gabing iyon.
Malakas ang ulan noon. Katatapos ko pa lamang maligo at nakatapis pa lamang sa loob ng aking kuwarto.
April 26, 2010
Si Pedro
by nikookie
Isang araw, mayroon isang mahirap na bata. Ang pangalan nito ay Pedro.
Dahil siya ay mahirap, hindi niya maafford ang masasarap at mamahalin na pagkain… kaya everyday ang kinakain niya lang ay soy sauce.
Mayroon nakitang isang langgam na kinagat siya sa bird…
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
Tuesday, April 27, 2010
Figure of Speech Dictionary
A figure of speech or a trope (the latter word has a more specific use) is a non-ordinary use of language employed to create an emphasis, amplify a meaning, draw a comparison or contrast, or to make a rhetorical point. The figure may be achieved by employing repetition of words or sounds in a specific pattern, making an interjection, stating or implying a comparison, using synonyms, or using a specific pattern of argument. This searchable dictionary collects some of the common forms (about half of all figures). Use the Contact Page to advise of corrections, additional examples or forms we have missed.
Type some portion of the item you are searching for
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Results for Meaning:
Anthimeria
The use of a word of one class as though it were a member of another, typically the use of a noun as a verb.
e.g. The knight was unhorsed.
Antithesis
A seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences creating a parallelism that serves to emphasize opposition of ideas.
e.g. The king proposes, parliament disposes.
Antonomasia or Name Change
Change of proper name for a common or other name or vice versa.
Secondary Category: names
e.g. Have you seen old sideburns lately?
Notes: This is often a descriptive nickname. The description takes place of the literal name.
Auxesis
Magnifying the importance of something by giving it another name. It can be the opposite of Meiosis.
e.g. Two dollars for that piece of junk? That's highway robbery!
Catachresis or Incongruity
Two items compared or one standing for the other when the ideas they represent are radically different or perhaps contradictory, paradoxical or contradictory logic, or an illogical mixed metaphor.
e.g. To take arms against a sea of troubles. Ð William Shakespeare
Notes: The user may simply be employing one word incorrectly thinking it is another of perhaps similar spelling.
Eiderism
Pointing out that two words that normally mean the opposite can mean the same thing or be part of the same meaning, when used in the right context.
e.g. "Drink it up" and "Drink it down" illustrate that "up" and "down" can in a sense mean the same thing, or manner.
URL: click here for more examples
Eironeia or Irony
The expression of thought in a form that emphasizes or conveys the opposite meaning to the words used. A tone of voice may be necessary to convey irony if the words are not intended to be taken at face value.
e.g. 1. ...you are the people and wisdom will die with you (Job 12:1). 2. For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, honorable men. --Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
Notes: The surface meaning and the underlying meaning are not the same. Irony may be biting or sarcastic, and often has negative or pejorative overtones."
Enallage
One part of speech is used for another, or one grammatical form is substituted for another, such as present for past or singular for plural.
e.g. Think different.
Euphemism
A word or phrase commonly used in place of terms which are disagreeable or offensive.
e.g. My uncle passed away last fall.
Notes: These are often used in politics, where they may sometimes be termed "doublespeak". e.g. I misspoke myself. Or the John Diefenbaker favourite "[That statement was] a terminological inexactetude."
Hendiadys or Two for One
Two words with similar or identical meanings are used where one would be sufficient.
e.g. The Latin expression "cum amicitia atque pace", literally "with peace and friendship" might be rendered in English as "with friendly peace", changing one of the redundant nouns into an adjective.
Notes: The combination of concepts that more often are described with a different word combining the two ideas.
Hendiatris or Three for One
Three words used but one thing meant.
e.g. ...how can we know the way? Jesus said to him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man comes to the Father, but by me. (John 14: 5-6)
Notes: In this example, the question concerned the way, but it is answered threefold."
Heterosis or Exchange
Exchange of one accidence or part of speech for another.
e.g. 1. In many languages. Collectives such as mankind which are both male and female are deemed for grammatical purposes to be male. 2. She run all the way to the store.
Notes: Frequently used with the gender of nouns or with verb tenses.
Homographs
Words that are identical in spelling but different in origin and meaning
e.g. invalid, row, sewer, wound
URL: opundo's homograph page
Homonyms
Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but differing in origin and meaning.
e.g. age, reflect, arithmetic, high, report, rest
URL: opundo's homonym page
Homophones
Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation, but differing in origin, spelling, and meaning.
e.g. 1. ant, aunt 2. leased, least 3. oh, owe
URL: opundo's homophone page
Hypallage or Interchange
The normal usage of two words is swapped to make a connection in meaning.
e.g. Open the day, and see if it be the window.--The Garden of Eloquence by Willard Espy
Hyperbole
An intentional and often considerable exaggeration or extravagant statement to make a much lesser point. The statement is not meant to be taken literally.
e.g. 1. If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away... (Matt. 5:29). 2. I could eat an ox. 3. If I've told you once I've told you a thousand times. Don't exaggerate.
Notes: The opposite is understatement.
Idiom
A use of words and phrases peculiar to a particular language, culture, or time period.
Secondary Category: unusual usage
e.g. 1. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 2. I've got a frog in my throat. (In French it would be a cat.)
Notes: Because an idiom is particular to language or culture it may make no sense at all if translated literally.
Innuendo or Double entendre
An indirect and subtle implication in an expression in speech or writing, whereby a sentence has a double meaning.
e.g. When offered $40 per day strike pay to go out on an illegal strike, I said "You can keep your forty pieces of silver".
Notes: Innuendo is often sexually suggestive or has negative overtones. It may require intonation or context to trigger the association in the hearer. In the example, the innuendo is intended to suggest an association with Judas, that is, that the strike was a betrayal of students, and in a bad cause."
Merismos or Distribution
An enumeration or elaboration of the parts of some whole that has previously been mentioned.
e.g. morning and evening" means the whole day
Metalepsis or Double Metonymy
Two metonymies contained in one another but with only one explicitly expressed.
e.g. I've got a black thumb.
Notes: There are at least two steps to discover the meaning. In the example, the idea of a green thumb is associated with having the ability to make things grow, but black is associated with death, so in two stages we arrive at a would-be gardener whose efforts are usually fatal to the plants."
Metonymy or Denominatio
The the use of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity.
Secondary Category: rhetoric
e.g. 1. "In an early morning press conference, Number 10 Downing Street today saidÉ" 2. "The pen is mightier than the sword.
Onomatopoeia
A word or group of words has a sound similar to the thing being described.
e.g. buzz, quack, miaow, squeak, bang
Paradox
A statement that seems to lead to an illogical contradiction, or to a situation that contradicts common intuition. The statement contains the seeds of its own negation or contradiction, though this may not be apparent on the surface.
Secondary Category: logic
e.g. 1. The barber shaves all the men who don't shave themselves, and no-one else. 2. Let A be the set of all sets that do not contain themselves.
Pleonasm
The use of more words than necessary.
e.g. 1. I know that he is here. 2. We hired him to head up the program.
Notes: The examples illustrate that these may be based on syntax (redundant words) or on semantics (overlapping meanings).
Spoonerism
A transposition of the beginning and endings of words in a sentence that has strange or humorous effects. After Reverend Spooner (1844 - 1930)
e.g. Spooner allegedly once praised Her Majesty with a toast to our queer old dean. Was this extremely mad banners on his part?
Syllepsis
One word modifies two or more other words simultaneously but must be understood differently with respect to each modified word. This creates a possibly humorous semantic incongruity.
e.g. He emptied the whiskey bottle and his mind.
Synathroesmus or Enumeration
An enumeration or elaboration of the parts or qualities of a whole that has not necessarily been mentioned, but is at least implied.
e.g. He's a proud, haughty, consequential, turned-up-nosed peacock.Ê- Charles Dickens in Nicholas Nickleby
Synecdoche
A type of metonymy in which a part is exchanged for the whole, an individual for an entire class or people, OR vice-versa (whole for part).
Secondary Category: exchange
e.g. 1. And we were in all 276 souls. (Acts 27:37) 2. Joe ranched nearly five hundred head. 3. All hands on deck
Synonym
Refers to words that are usually different in sound and origin but are similar in meaning
e.g. Big, large, grand, tall, enormous, extended, humungous are all synonyms
Trope
The use of a word in other than its literal or normal form.
e.g. The four kinds of trope are: metonymy, irony, metaphor, and synecdoche.
Like what you see? Want to exchange links? Want to contribute original or attributed material or add one of the many figures of speech we've not got around to yet? Contact Us. If we use your material, we'll acknowledge the source. Offended by something here? Tell us why. We'll ask for a second opinion from a neutral party and if that person agrees, the item will be removed. But hey, don't take yourself too seriously. The world needs some levity.
Links
About's page
American Rhetoric in Sound
Brainy Encyclopedia's List (Also found elsewhere)
Earnest Speakers
Figures of Speech Exercises
Figures of Speech Quiz
Figures of Speech Tables
The Forest of Rhetoric
RinkWorks Fun With Words
Stephen Hecht's page
Important Grammatical & Linguistical Terms
Infoplease Glossary of Poetry Terms
List of Poetry Terms
Fun-With-Words:Nym Words
Deborah Rudd's page
Brian Tung's page
UNCP Glossary of Literary Terms
Kip Wheeler's page
Grant William's page Who is the brain (sic) behind opundo?
Biblical Figures of Speech
Basics of Biblical Interpretation
Biblical Idioms
Bullinger's Biblical Figures
Figures of Speech Introduction
Keys to the Word's Interpretation
A. E. Knoch's page
NT Figures of Speech
Truth or Tradition's List
Related Pages
Rhyme Zone
Writing Resource Links
Type some portion of the item you are searching for
Show All OR, browse by first letter
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
OR, by category Comparison Grammar Meaning Parenthesis Repetition Rhetoric
dglofaq script Version 1.0 Copyright 2004 by Rick Sutcliffe and Arjay Enterprises
Results for Meaning:
Anthimeria
The use of a word of one class as though it were a member of another, typically the use of a noun as a verb.
e.g. The knight was unhorsed.
Antithesis
A seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences creating a parallelism that serves to emphasize opposition of ideas.
e.g. The king proposes, parliament disposes.
Antonomasia or Name Change
Change of proper name for a common or other name or vice versa.
Secondary Category: names
e.g. Have you seen old sideburns lately?
Notes: This is often a descriptive nickname. The description takes place of the literal name.
Auxesis
Magnifying the importance of something by giving it another name. It can be the opposite of Meiosis.
e.g. Two dollars for that piece of junk? That's highway robbery!
Catachresis or Incongruity
Two items compared or one standing for the other when the ideas they represent are radically different or perhaps contradictory, paradoxical or contradictory logic, or an illogical mixed metaphor.
e.g. To take arms against a sea of troubles. Ð William Shakespeare
Notes: The user may simply be employing one word incorrectly thinking it is another of perhaps similar spelling.
Eiderism
Pointing out that two words that normally mean the opposite can mean the same thing or be part of the same meaning, when used in the right context.
e.g. "Drink it up" and "Drink it down" illustrate that "up" and "down" can in a sense mean the same thing, or manner.
URL: click here for more examples
Eironeia or Irony
The expression of thought in a form that emphasizes or conveys the opposite meaning to the words used. A tone of voice may be necessary to convey irony if the words are not intended to be taken at face value.
e.g. 1. ...you are the people and wisdom will die with you (Job 12:1). 2. For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, honorable men. --Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
Notes: The surface meaning and the underlying meaning are not the same. Irony may be biting or sarcastic, and often has negative or pejorative overtones."
Enallage
One part of speech is used for another, or one grammatical form is substituted for another, such as present for past or singular for plural.
e.g. Think different.
Euphemism
A word or phrase commonly used in place of terms which are disagreeable or offensive.
e.g. My uncle passed away last fall.
Notes: These are often used in politics, where they may sometimes be termed "doublespeak". e.g. I misspoke myself. Or the John Diefenbaker favourite "[That statement was] a terminological inexactetude."
Hendiadys or Two for One
Two words with similar or identical meanings are used where one would be sufficient.
e.g. The Latin expression "cum amicitia atque pace", literally "with peace and friendship" might be rendered in English as "with friendly peace", changing one of the redundant nouns into an adjective.
Notes: The combination of concepts that more often are described with a different word combining the two ideas.
Hendiatris or Three for One
Three words used but one thing meant.
e.g. ...how can we know the way? Jesus said to him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man comes to the Father, but by me. (John 14: 5-6)
Notes: In this example, the question concerned the way, but it is answered threefold."
Heterosis or Exchange
Exchange of one accidence or part of speech for another.
e.g. 1. In many languages. Collectives such as mankind which are both male and female are deemed for grammatical purposes to be male. 2. She run all the way to the store.
Notes: Frequently used with the gender of nouns or with verb tenses.
Homographs
Words that are identical in spelling but different in origin and meaning
e.g. invalid, row, sewer, wound
URL: opundo's homograph page
Homonyms
Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but differing in origin and meaning.
e.g. age, reflect, arithmetic, high, report, rest
URL: opundo's homonym page
Homophones
Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation, but differing in origin, spelling, and meaning.
e.g. 1. ant, aunt 2. leased, least 3. oh, owe
URL: opundo's homophone page
Hypallage or Interchange
The normal usage of two words is swapped to make a connection in meaning.
e.g. Open the day, and see if it be the window.--The Garden of Eloquence by Willard Espy
Hyperbole
An intentional and often considerable exaggeration or extravagant statement to make a much lesser point. The statement is not meant to be taken literally.
e.g. 1. If your right eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away... (Matt. 5:29). 2. I could eat an ox. 3. If I've told you once I've told you a thousand times. Don't exaggerate.
Notes: The opposite is understatement.
Idiom
A use of words and phrases peculiar to a particular language, culture, or time period.
Secondary Category: unusual usage
e.g. 1. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 2. I've got a frog in my throat. (In French it would be a cat.)
Notes: Because an idiom is particular to language or culture it may make no sense at all if translated literally.
Innuendo or Double entendre
An indirect and subtle implication in an expression in speech or writing, whereby a sentence has a double meaning.
e.g. When offered $40 per day strike pay to go out on an illegal strike, I said "You can keep your forty pieces of silver".
Notes: Innuendo is often sexually suggestive or has negative overtones. It may require intonation or context to trigger the association in the hearer. In the example, the innuendo is intended to suggest an association with Judas, that is, that the strike was a betrayal of students, and in a bad cause."
Merismos or Distribution
An enumeration or elaboration of the parts of some whole that has previously been mentioned.
e.g. morning and evening" means the whole day
Metalepsis or Double Metonymy
Two metonymies contained in one another but with only one explicitly expressed.
e.g. I've got a black thumb.
Notes: There are at least two steps to discover the meaning. In the example, the idea of a green thumb is associated with having the ability to make things grow, but black is associated with death, so in two stages we arrive at a would-be gardener whose efforts are usually fatal to the plants."
Metonymy or Denominatio
The the use of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity.
Secondary Category: rhetoric
e.g. 1. "In an early morning press conference, Number 10 Downing Street today saidÉ" 2. "The pen is mightier than the sword.
Onomatopoeia
A word or group of words has a sound similar to the thing being described.
e.g. buzz, quack, miaow, squeak, bang
Paradox
A statement that seems to lead to an illogical contradiction, or to a situation that contradicts common intuition. The statement contains the seeds of its own negation or contradiction, though this may not be apparent on the surface.
Secondary Category: logic
e.g. 1. The barber shaves all the men who don't shave themselves, and no-one else. 2. Let A be the set of all sets that do not contain themselves.
Pleonasm
The use of more words than necessary.
e.g. 1. I know that he is here. 2. We hired him to head up the program.
Notes: The examples illustrate that these may be based on syntax (redundant words) or on semantics (overlapping meanings).
Spoonerism
A transposition of the beginning and endings of words in a sentence that has strange or humorous effects. After Reverend Spooner (1844 - 1930)
e.g. Spooner allegedly once praised Her Majesty with a toast to our queer old dean. Was this extremely mad banners on his part?
Syllepsis
One word modifies two or more other words simultaneously but must be understood differently with respect to each modified word. This creates a possibly humorous semantic incongruity.
e.g. He emptied the whiskey bottle and his mind.
Synathroesmus or Enumeration
An enumeration or elaboration of the parts or qualities of a whole that has not necessarily been mentioned, but is at least implied.
e.g. He's a proud, haughty, consequential, turned-up-nosed peacock.Ê- Charles Dickens in Nicholas Nickleby
Synecdoche
A type of metonymy in which a part is exchanged for the whole, an individual for an entire class or people, OR vice-versa (whole for part).
Secondary Category: exchange
e.g. 1. And we were in all 276 souls. (Acts 27:37) 2. Joe ranched nearly five hundred head. 3. All hands on deck
Synonym
Refers to words that are usually different in sound and origin but are similar in meaning
e.g. Big, large, grand, tall, enormous, extended, humungous are all synonyms
Trope
The use of a word in other than its literal or normal form.
e.g. The four kinds of trope are: metonymy, irony, metaphor, and synecdoche.
Like what you see? Want to exchange links? Want to contribute original or attributed material or add one of the many figures of speech we've not got around to yet? Contact Us. If we use your material, we'll acknowledge the source. Offended by something here? Tell us why. We'll ask for a second opinion from a neutral party and if that person agrees, the item will be removed. But hey, don't take yourself too seriously. The world needs some levity.
Links
About's page
American Rhetoric in Sound
Brainy Encyclopedia's List (Also found elsewhere)
Earnest Speakers
Figures of Speech Exercises
Figures of Speech Quiz
Figures of Speech Tables
The Forest of Rhetoric
RinkWorks Fun With Words
Stephen Hecht's page
Important Grammatical & Linguistical Terms
Infoplease Glossary of Poetry Terms
List of Poetry Terms
Fun-With-Words:Nym Words
Deborah Rudd's page
Brian Tung's page
UNCP Glossary of Literary Terms
Kip Wheeler's page
Grant William's page Who is the brain (sic) behind opundo?
Biblical Figures of Speech
Basics of Biblical Interpretation
Biblical Idioms
Bullinger's Biblical Figures
Figures of Speech Introduction
Keys to the Word's Interpretation
A. E. Knoch's page
NT Figures of Speech
Truth or Tradition's List
Related Pages
Rhyme Zone
Writing Resource Links
figure of speech
A figure of speech is used to creatively portray a sentence to make it more descriptive and imaginative. It is the same as "figurative language," as it paints a more lucid picture for you with the use of poetic words or words that do not portray their literal meaning. Here are some common kinds of figures of speech that you probably have seen in newspapers or books.
Simile
1. A simile is a figure of speech that compares one noun to another noun, usually with the words "as" or "like" in the sentence. A simile can be as precise or as poetic as you want it to be. Some examples of a simile: "She's as pretty as a rose" and "I slept like a log."
Metaphor
2. Metaphors also compare one thing to another in terms of a different object or idea, often using the word "is." In a figure of speech, they are plainly stated, to the point and directly said. Examples of metaphors: " Her mind is a prison" and "The man is a devil."
Hyperbole
3. Hyperbole distorts facts and is meant to exaggerate a sentence, making the figure of speech critical, sometimes satirical and oftentimes humorous. "He was as big as a whale" and "I'm as hungry as a hippo" are some examples.
Oxymoron
4. An oxymoron uses two words that flatly contradict each other in one sentence. These polar opposite words are meant to give obvious hints to the underlying meaning of the sentence. Examples this figure of speech: "Your poetry is bittersweet" and "The room became deafeningly silent."
Personification
5. This type of figure of speech gives human characteristics to a noun for attribution purposes. You can use it to personify animals, things and ideas. Some examples of personification: "The flowers were grateful for being watered" and "The wind is howling."
Onomatopoeia
6. Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that reflects the noise a sound makes. An example of this is "the clock tick-tocks," as it describes the sound the ticking of the clock makes and imitates the noise into words. The sounds literally make the meaning in such words as "buzz," "zoom" and "bam."
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References
* Some English Rules of Figures of Speech
Simile
1. A simile is a figure of speech that compares one noun to another noun, usually with the words "as" or "like" in the sentence. A simile can be as precise or as poetic as you want it to be. Some examples of a simile: "She's as pretty as a rose" and "I slept like a log."
Metaphor
2. Metaphors also compare one thing to another in terms of a different object or idea, often using the word "is." In a figure of speech, they are plainly stated, to the point and directly said. Examples of metaphors: " Her mind is a prison" and "The man is a devil."
Hyperbole
3. Hyperbole distorts facts and is meant to exaggerate a sentence, making the figure of speech critical, sometimes satirical and oftentimes humorous. "He was as big as a whale" and "I'm as hungry as a hippo" are some examples.
Oxymoron
4. An oxymoron uses two words that flatly contradict each other in one sentence. These polar opposite words are meant to give obvious hints to the underlying meaning of the sentence. Examples this figure of speech: "Your poetry is bittersweet" and "The room became deafeningly silent."
Personification
5. This type of figure of speech gives human characteristics to a noun for attribution purposes. You can use it to personify animals, things and ideas. Some examples of personification: "The flowers were grateful for being watered" and "The wind is howling."
Onomatopoeia
6. Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that reflects the noise a sound makes. An example of this is "the clock tick-tocks," as it describes the sound the ticking of the clock makes and imitates the noise into words. The sounds literally make the meaning in such words as "buzz," "zoom" and "bam."
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Language Laboratory
language laboratory system digital language laboratory
www.winta.com
Chemical Odor Problems?
Chemical Scrubbers Designed For Your Industry That Cost Less
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Sound Your Very Best
Improve your speaking voice. Pro- ject easily. Private coaching NYC
www.loxleyspeechstudio.com
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www.AyosDito.ph
References
* Some English Rules of Figures of Speech
Figure of speech
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetoric or a locution.
Not all theories of meaning have a concept of "literal language" (see literal and figurative language). Under theories that do not, figure of speech is not an entirely coherent concept.
Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the material. For this goal, classical rhetoric detected four fundamental operations[1] that can be used to transform a sentence or a larger portion of a text. They are: expansion, abridgement, switching, transferring.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 The four fundamental operations
* 2 Examples
* 3 Categories of figures of speech
o 3.1 Schemes
o 3.2 Tropes
* 4 See also
* 5 References
[edit] The four fundamental operations
The four fundamental operations, or categories of change, governing the formation of all figures of speech are:[1]
* expansion/superabundance/addition (adiectio)
* abridgement/lack/omission/subtraction (detractio)
* switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation (immutatio)
* transferring/transposition (transmutatio)
These four operations were detected by classical rhetoric, and still serve to encompass the various figures of speech. Originally these were called, in Latin, the four operations of quadripartita ratio. The ancient surviving text mentioning them, although not recognizing them as the four fundating principles, is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of author unknown, where they are called ἔνδεια, πλεονασμός, μετάθεσις and ἐναλλαγή.[2] Quintillian then mentioned them in Institutio Oratoria.[3] Philo of Alexandria also listed them as addition (πρόσθεσις), subtraction (ἀφαίρεσις), transposition (μετάθεσις), and transmutation (ἀλλοίωσις).[4]
[edit] Examples
The saying "I have got your back" almost never has the literal meaning of receipt or possession of another's spine. It is a figure of speech that means the speaker intends to protect the listener, actually or symbolically. It originates from war, in which one soldier informs another that the first will train his weapon toward an area from which an enemy might shoot the second in the back.
Other examples of figures of speech:
* "It's raining cats and dogs" means it's raining intensely.
* "I'll give you a piece of my mind" means the speaker will state a frank opinion.
* "Break a leg" is a saying from theatre meaning "Good luck."
* "Butterflies in your stomach" figuratively describes nervousness.
* "You want a piece of me?" means "Do you want a fight?"
In each of these examples of figures of speech, there is a literal meaning of the words, which a listener would normally reject as absurd or inappropriate. The listener would select the figurative meaning of the utterance, assisted by the context.
Absence of the proper context may defeat the figurative meaning. If someone not in a theater troupe tells someone else to break a leg, the listener must decide whether the speaker intends to adapt the figure of speech from theater to the present context; if not, the literal meaning would be provocative. If there is no cause for nervousness, complaining about butterflies in one's stomach must be applied as the listener sees fit given the context of the phrase.
[edit] Categories of figures of speech
Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, form or shape) are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
During the Renaissance, scholars meticulously enumerated and classified figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence (1577), enumerated 184 different figures of speech.
For simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not further sub-classify them (e.g., "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Most entries link to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of those listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways.
[edit] Schemes
Main article: Scheme (linguistics)
* accumulation: Summary of previous arguments in a forceful manner
* adnomination: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
* alliteration: Series of words that begin with the consonant or sound alike
* anacoluthon: Change in the syntax within a sentence
* anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
* anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
* anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
* anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
* antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
* antistrophe: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses (see epistrophe)
* antithesis: Juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
* aphorismus: Statement that calls into question the definition of a word
* aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
* apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
* apposition: Placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
* assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
* asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
* asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
* cacophony: Juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
* cataphora: Co-reference of one expression with another expression which follows it (example: If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer.)
* classification (literature & grammar): Linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
* chiasmus: Word order in one clause is inverted in the other (inverted parallelism).
* climax: Arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
* commoratio: Repetition of an idea, re-worded
* consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
* dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
* ellipsis: Omission of words
* enallage: Substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
* enjambment: Breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses
* enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
* epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
* epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. The counterpart of anaphora (also known as antistrophe)
* euphony: Opposite of cacophony - i.e. pleasant sounding
* hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
* hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
* homographs: Words that are identical in spelling but different in origin and meaning
* homonyms: Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but differing in origin and meaning
* homophones:Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation but differing in origin and meaning
* hypallage: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others
* hyperbaton: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order
* hyperbole: Exaggeration of a statement
* hysteron proteron: The inversion of the usual temporal or causal order between two elements
* isocolon: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
* internal rhyme: Using two or more rhyming words in the same sentence
* kenning: A metonymic compound where the terms together form a sort of anecdote
* merism: Referring to a whole by enumerating some of its parts
* non sequitur: Statement that bears no relationship to the context preceding
* onomatopoeia: Word that imitates a real sound (e.g. tick-tock or boom)
* paradiastole: Repetition of the disjunctive pair "neither" and "nor"
* parallelism: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
* paraprosdokian: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause
* parenthesis: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
* paroemion: Resolute alliteration in which every word in a sentence or phrase begins with the same letter
* parrhesia: Speaking openly or boldly, or apologizing for doing so (declaring to do so)
* perissologia: The fault of wordiness
* pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
* polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
* polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions
* pun: When a word or phrase is used in two different senses
* sibilance: Repetition of letter 's', it is a form of alliteration
* sine dicendo: A statement that is so obvious it need not be stated; when uttered almost seems pointless (e.g. 'You can never save too much')
* superlative: Saying something the best of something i.e. the ugliest,the most precious
* spoonerism: Interchanging of (usually initial) letters of words with amusing effect
* symploce: Simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning and the end of successive clauses
* synchysis: Interlocked word order
* synesis: Agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form
* synizesis: Pronunciation of two juxtaposed vowels or diphthongs as a single sound
* synonymia: Use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence
* tautology: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice
* tmesis: Division of the elements of a compound word
* zeugma: The using of one verb for two actions
[edit] Tropes
Main article: Trope (linguistics)
* allegory: Extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject
* alliteration: Repetition of the first consonant sound in a phrase.
* allusion: Indirect reference to another work of literature or art
* anacoenosis: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker
* antanaclasis: A form of pun in which a word is repeated in two different senses
* anthimeria: Substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb
* anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
* antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed grammatical order
* antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
* antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
* aphorism: Tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
* apophasis: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation
* aporia: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions
* apostrophe: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present
* archaism: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word(a word used in olden language, e.g. Shakespeare's language)
* auxesis: Form of hyperbole, in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term
* catachresis: Mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
* circumlocution: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in euphemism or periphrasis
* commiseration: Evoking pity in the audience
* correctio: Linguistic device used for correcting one's mistakes, a form of which is epanorthosis
* denominatio: Another word for metonymy
* double negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
* dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism
* epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue
* enumeratio: A form of amplification in which a subject is divided, detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly
* epanados: Repetition in a sentence with a reversal of words. Example: The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath
* erotema: Synonym for rhetorical question
* euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
* hermeneia: Repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has already been said
* hyperbaton: Words that naturally belong together are separated from each other for emphasis or effect
* hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
* hypophora: Answering one's own rhetorical question at length
* hysteron proteron: Reversal of anticipated order of events; a form of hyperbaton
* innuendo: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
* invocation: Apostrophe to a god or muse
* irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
* kataphora: Repetition of a cohesive device at the end
* litotes: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite
* malapropism: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar
* meiosis: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something
* merism: Statement of opposites to indicate reality
* metalepsis: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related
* metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality
* metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
* neologism: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short time. Opposite of archaism
* onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
* oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
* parable: Extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
* paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
* paradiastole: Extenuating a vice in order to flatter or soothe
* paraprosdokian: Phrase in which the latter part causes a rethinking or reframing of the beginning
* parallel irony: An ironic juxtaposition of sentences or situations (informal)
* paralipsis: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
* paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
* pathetic fallacy: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human
* periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
* personification/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing or applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
* praeteritio: Another word for paralipsis
* procatalepsis: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument
* prolepsis: Another word for procatalepsis
* proslepsis: Extreme form of paralipsis in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic
* proverb: Succinct or pithy expression of what is commonly observed and believed to be true
* pun: Play on words that will have two meanings
* repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect
* rhetorical question: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for asserting something (or as in a poem for creating a poetic effect)
* satire: Use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc. A literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. A literary genre comprising such compositions
* simile: Comparison between two things using like or as
* snowclone: Quoted or misquoted cliché or phrasal template
* superlative: Saying that something is the best of something or has the most of some quality, e.g. the ugliest, the most precious etc
* syllepsis: Form of pun, in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings
* syncatabasis (condescension, accommodation): adaptation of style to the level of the audience
* synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
* synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
* tautology: Needless repetition of the same sense in different words Example: The children gathered in a round circle
* transferred epithet: Placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun
* truism: a self-evident statement
* tricolon diminuens: Combination of three elements, each decreasing in size
* tricolon crescens: Combination of three elements, each increasing in size
* zeugma: A figure of speech related to syllepsis, but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies
* zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
[edit] See also
Linguistics portal
* Figure of thought
* List of forms of word play
A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetoric or a locution.
Not all theories of meaning have a concept of "literal language" (see literal and figurative language). Under theories that do not, figure of speech is not an entirely coherent concept.
Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the material. For this goal, classical rhetoric detected four fundamental operations[1] that can be used to transform a sentence or a larger portion of a text. They are: expansion, abridgement, switching, transferring.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 The four fundamental operations
* 2 Examples
* 3 Categories of figures of speech
o 3.1 Schemes
o 3.2 Tropes
* 4 See also
* 5 References
[edit] The four fundamental operations
The four fundamental operations, or categories of change, governing the formation of all figures of speech are:[1]
* expansion/superabundance/addition (adiectio)
* abridgement/lack/omission/subtraction (detractio)
* switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation (immutatio)
* transferring/transposition (transmutatio)
These four operations were detected by classical rhetoric, and still serve to encompass the various figures of speech. Originally these were called, in Latin, the four operations of quadripartita ratio. The ancient surviving text mentioning them, although not recognizing them as the four fundating principles, is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of author unknown, where they are called ἔνδεια, πλεονασμός, μετάθεσις and ἐναλλαγή.[2] Quintillian then mentioned them in Institutio Oratoria.[3] Philo of Alexandria also listed them as addition (πρόσθεσις), subtraction (ἀφαίρεσις), transposition (μετάθεσις), and transmutation (ἀλλοίωσις).[4]
[edit] Examples
The saying "I have got your back" almost never has the literal meaning of receipt or possession of another's spine. It is a figure of speech that means the speaker intends to protect the listener, actually or symbolically. It originates from war, in which one soldier informs another that the first will train his weapon toward an area from which an enemy might shoot the second in the back.
Other examples of figures of speech:
* "It's raining cats and dogs" means it's raining intensely.
* "I'll give you a piece of my mind" means the speaker will state a frank opinion.
* "Break a leg" is a saying from theatre meaning "Good luck."
* "Butterflies in your stomach" figuratively describes nervousness.
* "You want a piece of me?" means "Do you want a fight?"
In each of these examples of figures of speech, there is a literal meaning of the words, which a listener would normally reject as absurd or inappropriate. The listener would select the figurative meaning of the utterance, assisted by the context.
Absence of the proper context may defeat the figurative meaning. If someone not in a theater troupe tells someone else to break a leg, the listener must decide whether the speaker intends to adapt the figure of speech from theater to the present context; if not, the literal meaning would be provocative. If there is no cause for nervousness, complaining about butterflies in one's stomach must be applied as the listener sees fit given the context of the phrase.
[edit] Categories of figures of speech
Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, form or shape) are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
During the Renaissance, scholars meticulously enumerated and classified figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence (1577), enumerated 184 different figures of speech.
For simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not further sub-classify them (e.g., "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Most entries link to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of those listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways.
[edit] Schemes
Main article: Scheme (linguistics)
* accumulation: Summary of previous arguments in a forceful manner
* adnomination: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
* alliteration: Series of words that begin with the consonant or sound alike
* anacoluthon: Change in the syntax within a sentence
* anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
* anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
* anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
* anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
* antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
* antistrophe: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses (see epistrophe)
* antithesis: Juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
* aphorismus: Statement that calls into question the definition of a word
* aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
* apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
* apposition: Placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
* assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
* asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
* asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
* cacophony: Juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
* cataphora: Co-reference of one expression with another expression which follows it (example: If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer.)
* classification (literature & grammar): Linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
* chiasmus: Word order in one clause is inverted in the other (inverted parallelism).
* climax: Arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
* commoratio: Repetition of an idea, re-worded
* consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
* dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
* ellipsis: Omission of words
* enallage: Substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
* enjambment: Breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses
* enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
* epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
* epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. The counterpart of anaphora (also known as antistrophe)
* euphony: Opposite of cacophony - i.e. pleasant sounding
* hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
* hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
* homographs: Words that are identical in spelling but different in origin and meaning
* homonyms: Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but differing in origin and meaning
* homophones:Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation but differing in origin and meaning
* hypallage: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others
* hyperbaton: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order
* hyperbole: Exaggeration of a statement
* hysteron proteron: The inversion of the usual temporal or causal order between two elements
* isocolon: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
* internal rhyme: Using two or more rhyming words in the same sentence
* kenning: A metonymic compound where the terms together form a sort of anecdote
* merism: Referring to a whole by enumerating some of its parts
* non sequitur: Statement that bears no relationship to the context preceding
* onomatopoeia: Word that imitates a real sound (e.g. tick-tock or boom)
* paradiastole: Repetition of the disjunctive pair "neither" and "nor"
* parallelism: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
* paraprosdokian: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause
* parenthesis: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
* paroemion: Resolute alliteration in which every word in a sentence or phrase begins with the same letter
* parrhesia: Speaking openly or boldly, or apologizing for doing so (declaring to do so)
* perissologia: The fault of wordiness
* pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
* polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
* polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions
* pun: When a word or phrase is used in two different senses
* sibilance: Repetition of letter 's', it is a form of alliteration
* sine dicendo: A statement that is so obvious it need not be stated; when uttered almost seems pointless (e.g. 'You can never save too much')
* superlative: Saying something the best of something i.e. the ugliest,the most precious
* spoonerism: Interchanging of (usually initial) letters of words with amusing effect
* symploce: Simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning and the end of successive clauses
* synchysis: Interlocked word order
* synesis: Agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form
* synizesis: Pronunciation of two juxtaposed vowels or diphthongs as a single sound
* synonymia: Use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence
* tautology: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice
* tmesis: Division of the elements of a compound word
* zeugma: The using of one verb for two actions
[edit] Tropes
Main article: Trope (linguistics)
* allegory: Extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject
* alliteration: Repetition of the first consonant sound in a phrase.
* allusion: Indirect reference to another work of literature or art
* anacoenosis: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker
* antanaclasis: A form of pun in which a word is repeated in two different senses
* anthimeria: Substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb
* anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
* antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed grammatical order
* antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
* antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
* aphorism: Tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
* apophasis: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation
* aporia: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions
* apostrophe: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present
* archaism: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word(a word used in olden language, e.g. Shakespeare's language)
* auxesis: Form of hyperbole, in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term
* catachresis: Mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
* circumlocution: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in euphemism or periphrasis
* commiseration: Evoking pity in the audience
* correctio: Linguistic device used for correcting one's mistakes, a form of which is epanorthosis
* denominatio: Another word for metonymy
* double negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
* dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism
* epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue
* enumeratio: A form of amplification in which a subject is divided, detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly
* epanados: Repetition in a sentence with a reversal of words. Example: The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath
* erotema: Synonym for rhetorical question
* euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
* hermeneia: Repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has already been said
* hyperbaton: Words that naturally belong together are separated from each other for emphasis or effect
* hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
* hypophora: Answering one's own rhetorical question at length
* hysteron proteron: Reversal of anticipated order of events; a form of hyperbaton
* innuendo: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
* invocation: Apostrophe to a god or muse
* irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
* kataphora: Repetition of a cohesive device at the end
* litotes: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite
* malapropism: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar
* meiosis: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something
* merism: Statement of opposites to indicate reality
* metalepsis: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related
* metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality
* metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
* neologism: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short time. Opposite of archaism
* onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
* oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
* parable: Extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
* paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
* paradiastole: Extenuating a vice in order to flatter or soothe
* paraprosdokian: Phrase in which the latter part causes a rethinking or reframing of the beginning
* parallel irony: An ironic juxtaposition of sentences or situations (informal)
* paralipsis: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
* paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
* pathetic fallacy: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human
* periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
* personification/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing or applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
* praeteritio: Another word for paralipsis
* procatalepsis: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument
* prolepsis: Another word for procatalepsis
* proslepsis: Extreme form of paralipsis in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic
* proverb: Succinct or pithy expression of what is commonly observed and believed to be true
* pun: Play on words that will have two meanings
* repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect
* rhetorical question: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for asserting something (or as in a poem for creating a poetic effect)
* satire: Use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc. A literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. A literary genre comprising such compositions
* simile: Comparison between two things using like or as
* snowclone: Quoted or misquoted cliché or phrasal template
* superlative: Saying that something is the best of something or has the most of some quality, e.g. the ugliest, the most precious etc
* syllepsis: Form of pun, in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings
* syncatabasis (condescension, accommodation): adaptation of style to the level of the audience
* synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
* synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
* tautology: Needless repetition of the same sense in different words Example: The children gathered in a round circle
* transferred epithet: Placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun
* truism: a self-evident statement
* tricolon diminuens: Combination of three elements, each decreasing in size
* tricolon crescens: Combination of three elements, each increasing in size
* zeugma: A figure of speech related to syllepsis, but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies
* zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
[edit] See also
Linguistics portal
* Figure of thought
* List of forms of word play
Friday, March 12, 2010
maximizing students learning
Improved access to learning: to maximize student learning, everyone in the school community needs timely and effective access to the right information and learning resources
To maximize student learning, everyone in the school community--teachers, parents, the principal and support staff--needs timely and effective access to just the right information and learning resources. At Willow
What service training should be conducted in school
Gives a brief view of the in-service training of primary school teachers in
School education staff (teaching and non-teaching), including:
- Teachers (including those in pre-school and vocational education) and the trainers of such teachers
- Head teachers and school managerial staff
- Staff involved in intercultural education or working with children of migrant workers and travellers
- Staff working with pupils with special education needs
- Staff working with pupils at risk, such as mediators and street educators
- Counsellors or careers advisors
- The inspectorate
- Other education staff at the discretion of national authorities
For participation in an in-service training course for language teachers :
- A qualified and practising foreign language teacher working in school education
- A trainer of such foreign language teachers
- A teacher re-training as a school education foreign language teacher
- A primary or pre-primary teacher who is (or will be) required to teach foreign languages
- A teacher of another subject in school education through the medium of a foreign language
- An inspector or advisor in the field of school education language teaching
For a grant for pure language training :
- A school teacher of non-language subjects through a foreign language
- A school teacher retraining as a foreign language teacher
- A primary or pre-primary teacher who is (or will be) required to teach foreign languages
- A member of school education staff participating in a Comenius Partnership and requesting training in a Partnership language
- A school teacher requesting training in a less widely taught and less usedlanguage
NB: structured training courses will normally have a minimum duration of 5 full working days; other training may be shorter.
The training for which grants are awarded may relate to the candidate’s professional activities in any aspect of school education. This may have to do with:
- Practical teaching skills, techniques and methodologies
- The content and delivery of school education
- The management of school education
- The system/policy level of school education
Grants are awarded for participation in training which is suitable for achieving the applicant’s stated in-service training objectives and which complies with the necessary quality criteria (e.g. appropriate to general Comenius objectives, European dimension and added value compared to training in the applicant’s home country). An on-line database of training activities is available to help applicants identify training which is eligible for funding under this action and which best meets their training needs: http://ec.europa.eu/education/trainingdatabase/
Why the lesson is properly sequence
Elementary teachers can use the children's book If You Give a Cat a Cupcake to teach students how to correctly sequence plot events in a fictional story
Sequencing is a reading comprehension skill that elementary students need to learn to become proficient readers. Knowing how to order events in a story helps elementary students better understand the text they are reading. Teachers can use a cupcake recipe to demonstrate to the kids how important it is to be able to correctly sequence events.
Elementary Sequencing Lesson Plan Objective
The students will correctly sequence the story events in the book If You Give a Cat a Cupcake by Laura Numeroff [HarperCollins, 2008].
If You Give a Cat a Cupcake Sequencing Lesson Materials
- If You Give a Cat a Cupcake book
- Box cake mix and necessary ingredients
- Cupcake pans, liners, mixing bowl
- Frosting
- Multiple paper copies of a cupcake outline
- Crayons or markers
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